Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance free essay sample

Langston Hughes an African American writer and poet, that used his literary skills to advocate Civil Rights during the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was period in the 1920’s in which African Americans strived to produce literary and intellectual works in order enhance African American culture. At that time the Harlem Renaissance was called the â€Å"New Negro Movement†.] Langston Hughes is the most well known leader of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes supported his cause by producing literary works. Langston Hughes’s poems appear in The Crisis and The Nation. Hughes also, with the assistance of of other Harlem Renaissance leaders, created the magazine, Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists. The Harlem Renaissance strongly affected Hughes’s writings. Langston Hughes’s work during the Harlem Renaissance reflected how he felt about African Americans and racial injustice. His writing include emphasizing African American pride, encouragement for African Americans to keep fighting for civil justice and talk of African American culture becoming great. We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These ideas that Hughes wrote about were evident in the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was specifically targeting African Americans and mostly only affected African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance affected African Americans exactly in the way it was supposed to, many African Americans began practicing literature and the arts. Just as the â€Å"New Negro Movement† wanted to do, to change African American culture more literary and art oriented. Langston Hughes’s writing impacted the African American people that read it during the Harlem Renaissance, his writing made them think about African American culture at that time period. Hughes’s writing influenced people to become immersed in literature and the arts. This affected the U.S. in a big way. Now the African American people are reading and writing literature and creating art. This now meant that the African American population was now producing more artistic and literary works, which increased the overall literary output of our country. This also made some white people less racist because it is hard to be racist against someone that has music that you listen to, or books that you read or art you admire.

Definition and Examples of Inartistic Proof in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Inartistic Proof in Rhetoric Definition In classical rhetoric, inartistic proofs are proofs (or means of persuasion) that are not created by a speaker- that is, proofs that are applied rather than invented. Contrast with artistic proofs. Also called  extrinsic proofs or artless proofs. In the time of Aristotle, inartistic proofs (in Greek, pisteis atechnoi) included laws, contracts, oaths, and the testimony of witnesses. Examples and Observations [A]ncient authorities listed the following items as extrinsic proofs: laws or precedents, rumors, maxims or proverbs, documents, oaths, and the testimony of witnesses or authorities. Some of these were tied to ancient legal procedures or religious beliefs. ... Ancient teachers knew that extrinsic proofs are not always reliable. For instance, they were quite aware that written documents usually required careful interpretation, and they were skeptical of their accuracy and authority as well. (Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 4th edition. Longman, 2008) Aristotle on Inartistic Proofs Of the modes of persuasion some belong strictly to the art of rhetoric and some do not. By the latter [i.e., inartistic proofs] I mean such things as are not supplied by the speaker but are there at the outset- witnesses, evidence given under torture, written contracts, and so on. By the former [i.e., artistic proofs] I mean such as we can ourselves construct by means of the principles of rhetoric. The one kind has merely to be used, the other has to be invented. (Aristotle, Rhetoric, 4th century BC) The Blurred Distinction Between Artistic and Inartistic Proofs Pisteis (in the sense of means of persuasion) are classified by Aristotle into two categories: artless proofs (pisteis atechnoi), that is, those that are not provided by the speaker but are pre-existing, and artistic proofs (pisteis entechnoi), that is, those that are created by the speaker. ... Aristotles distinction between artistic and artless proofs is seminal, yet in oratorical practice the distinction is blurred, for artless proofs are handled quite artfully. The periodic introduction of documentary evidence, which required the speaker to stop while a clerk read, apparently served to punctuate the speech. Speakers could also introduce artless proofs not obviously relevant to the legal matter at hand in order to make broader claims, such as to show their civic-minded, law-abiding character or to illustrate the fact that the opponent despises the laws in general. ... Pisteis atechnoi could be used in other inventive ways not described in handbooks. From the early fourth century on, witness testimony was presented as written depositions. Since litigants themselves drafted the depositions and then had the witnesses swear to them, there could be considerable art in how the testimony was phrased. (Michael de Brauw, The Parts of the Speech. A Companion to Greek Rhetoric, ed. by Ian Worthington. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Contemporary Applications of Inartistic Proofs An audience or listener can be motivated inartistically through extortions, blackmail, bribes, and pitiable behavior. Threats of force, appeals to pity, flattery, and pleading are borderline devices albeit often very effective. ... [I]nartistic proofs are effective methods of persuasion and legitimate insofar as they help the speaker attain his or her goals without undesirable concomitants. Speech teachers and rhetoricians do not customarily train students in the use of inartistic proofs, however. We assume that the natural processes of acculturation provide sufficient opportunities to develop skill at using them. What happens, of course, is that some people become very skillful at inartistic persuasions, while others do not learn them at all, thus placing themselves at a social disadvantage. ... While there are some serious ethical issues raised by the question of whether or not to teach students to be able to intimidate or cajole, it is certainly important for them to know about the possibilities. (Gerald M. Phillips, Communication Incompetencies: A Theory of Training Oral Performance Behavior. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) Inartistic proof includes things not controlled by the speaker, such as the occasion, the time allotted to the speaker, or things that bound persons to certain action, such as undeniable facts or statistics. Also important to note are tactics of getting compliance by questionable means like torture, tricky or binding contracts that are not always ethical, and sworn oaths; but all of these methods actually coerce the receiver into compliance to one degree or another instead of actually persuading them. We know today that coercion or torture results in low commitment, which results not only in the lessening of desired action, but a reduction in the likelihood of attitude change. (Charles U. Larson, Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility, 13th ed. Wadsworth, 2013) Torture in Fiction and in Fact [A] new Fox television show titled 24 was aired only weeks after the events of 9/11, introducing a powerfully persuasive icon into the American political lexicon- the fictional secret agent Jack Bauer, who tortured regularly, repeatedly, and successfully to stop terrorist attacks on Los Angeles, attacks that often involved ticking bombs. ... By the 2008 presidential campaign, ... the invocation of Jack Bauers name served as political code for an informal policy of allowing CIA agents, acting on their own outside the law, to use torture for extreme emergencies. In sum, the worlds preeminent power grounded its most controversial policy decision of the early 21st century not on research or rational analysis but in fiction and fantasy. (Alfred W. McCoy, Torture and Impunity: The U.S. Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012)

Two Sides of the Same Coin of Revenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Two Sides of the Same Coin of Revenge - Essay Example ngeling.â€Å"Such readings may speak to a wish to construct the violence of revenge as a purely â€Å"male† problem or an effect of patriarchy† (Willis 22). Shakespeare and Middleton turn the tables by using a female revenger, Tamora and Beatice-Joanna, in their plays. These two characters are two sides of the same coin. Tamara is the â€Å"imagery of [a] womb, tomb, and pit† (21) while Beatrice-Joanna is the image of sight; both these qualities are fuel for their revenge. Hunger’s role is to gain more power while the sight is blinded by the end goal, both on a verge of destruction. Both female characters seek out revenge and use their influence and position to obtain their desired vengeance through indirect, coercive, and manipulative channels. These characters seek revenge only to leave a trail of lies, blood, and deception, which follows them to their graves for truth cannot be hidden for long. Titus Andronicus and The Changeling highlighted the many ways in which the plays are informed by gender ideology (21). It maybe said that tragic plays revolve around a masculine character. â€Å"Men had a vested interest portraying vendettas as â€Å"grand struggles[s]† highlighting masculine traits of bravery, daring, and fighting skill† (24). The beginning of the play is started off with Saturninus and Bassianus fighting over who should be named Emperor. They chant their speeches but Marcus steps in to announce the â€Å"returns the good Andronicus to Rome† (Shakespeare 1.1.37). Men would use their strength to gain power and authority, while women â€Å"appeared as idealized figured of chastity to be protected, or more darkly, as vulnerable vessels of the enemy to be raped and despoiled. But in many of Shakespeare’s plays, as well as in those by other Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists, women are sometimes active participants in revenge plots† (24). For revenge to be there, first a crime must be committed and for one reason or the other the law cannot punish the

Explain and evaluate the significance of the IAASB clarity project for Essay

Explain and evaluate the significance of the IAASB clarity project for UK audits - Essay Example As a result, any case of bankruptcy of corporations whose financial accounts were audited; would directly or indirectly point out the role and possible and probable contribution of auditors. Since the fall of Enron, WorldCom and the most recent global financial crisis, the role and practices of auditors have come under more scrutiny than ever before. And these scandals and termed as ‘audit failures’, defined as an event in which the auditor fails either to implement generally accepted accounting principles or to issue qualified report.( Francis, 2004). But, previous research suggests that audit failures result in the impairment of auditor reputation, as witnesses by a loss in market share (Firth, 1990; Wison and Grimlund, 1990; weber et al.2008), also lower audit fees (Davis and Simon, 1992). The recently emerged financial conditions have put more pressure on the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) to revisit some of the basic International Stand ards on Auditing (ISAs). Undoubtedly, the use and need of these international auditing standards is never more needed and felt than this time. In the current economic and financial global circumstances, the need and significance is timely understood and realised by the IAASB. In collaboration with other international professional auditing, accounting and other professional bodies, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board began its working on the clarity project in the year of 2006 (Smith, 2010). This clarity project is designed and established to reduce the ambiguity in some of the standards on the auditing, and it is designed to enhance clarity on some of the standards. Additionally, another significant aim of this clarity project is introduced to enhancing understandability on some of the auditing standards. The new clarified audit related standards came into force in the UK and in Ireland for the purpose of audit of financial statements for period ending on or aft er the date of 15 December 2010, But, before going to explain and evaluate this clarity project for UK, it is vitally important to understand the main objectives behind the establishment of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. Background of International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board The IAASB is established to develop auditing and assurance standards

Differences Between Community And Zero Tolerance Policing Criminology Essay

Differences Between Community And Zero Tolerance Policing Criminology Essay Community policing is an oxymoron, for if the police could serve the whole community there would be little point in having a police force at all fn 1. However for the purposes of this essay community policing will have the meaning which is ascribed to it by the Home Office. It is seen as a key and permanent element of reforms to make the police service more citizen focused. The aim is to build a more responsive, locally accountable and citizen-focused police service through a programme to transform policing at a local level to meet the needs of communities. dddddd  [2]   The notion of zero tolerance policing was inspired by the apparent success of the approach taken in NY, and a variation of it-confident policing-pursued by DCI Mallon in Hartlepool as well as others within the UK. The notion of zero tolerance policing is based upon the broken window theory  [3]  and the conviction that the best way to tackle serious crime is to tackle disorder in which policies such as the community safety order, parental responsibility order, composite offence and final warning all have a role to play. It is arguable that this policy adopts a social exclusion rather than inclusion policy approach towards community safety. The result may be that healthy urban futures are established but not necessarily all inhabitants will benefit. Crime, disorder, anti-social behaviour and nuisance may all be particularly unpleasant but it is not clear if placing such a strong emphasis upon criminalisation and enforcement is the best way of tackling the problems contributing to and created by those behaviours. It leaves very little space for more constructive actions and even where it is possible to do so, they take place on terms which strengthen the criminalisation of the discourse of social policy so that the measures end up being more about containment and control within the community.  [4]   In 1996 the London Metropolitan Police carried out a zero tolerance initiative in partnership with the Transport Police, City of London Police and local authority councils. This initiative involved active confrontational measures to deal with homeless beggars, drug dealers, prostitutes and pimps who were congregating at the St Pancreas Railway Station. The result of the action was the temporary displacement of the undesirables to adjoining neighbourhoods until the control measures were withdrawn. The benefits included over 400 arrests of drug dealers and a raising of the quality of life for people in the area (Leigh et al 1998; 73) A recent Home Office Study of policing styles noted that Cleveland Police responsible for Middlesborough remain convinced that zero tolerance is compatible with community policing in a problem orientated policing form. Cleveland police viewed it as a short term prelude to the implementation of longer term measures in high crime areas where fear of, and intimidation by a minority of residents is having a detrimental effect (Leigh et al 1998, 26 and Romeanes 1998). The statutory enforcement powers for zero tolerance are contained within the Crime and Disorder Act with its emphasis on taking back control over unruly neighbourhoods and so it is not unreasonable or unlikely that the Home Office would give the initiative a qualified endorsement although it chooses to term it order maintenance (Jordan 1998 72). Zero tolerance style of policing is popular with a majority of the public who se the police as being tough on crime. In July 2003 an ICM Poll for the think-tank Reform questioned public support for zero tolerance comprising a highly visible policing on the streets bearing down heavily on anti social behaviour and vandalism. 83% thought that this would be a good idea, with over 50% thinking it would be a very good idea. Does Safer Neighbourhood Policing Help p 62-63 Zero Tolerance does have the negative repercussions of souring police community relations and can antagonise racial tensions in neighbourhoods. This is in conflict with the philosophy and practice of community policing which depends upon strong support from the public and discretion from police officers, proactive policing, problem solving and an intimate knowledge of the neighbourhood in which the police are operating, acquiring intelligence and building trust. Officers viewed discretion as an important part of community policing. A firearms officer was outside a school monitoring traffic and flagged down a middle aged man who was not wearing a seat belt. He managed to resist the temptation to alienate the police service further by scoring 5 easy points and after some advice, he let the man proceed on his way. A few months later the firearms officer found himself in an unoccupied house where a gun had been found in very suspicious circumstances. The same man as in the seat belt incident approached him and provided invaluable information which saved many hours of police investigation. The officer maintained that the man assisted him because he had dealt with him leniently in the seat belt incident and the officer wondered if the man would have assisted had he not used his discretion in the earlier incident? The officer said that police should be left to use their common sense on the streets.  [5]  Cited in The Public and Police by Harrie t Sergeant page 52 Is the answer for the two concepts to sit side by side? It would appear that the two concepts are not mutually exclusive and there is a need for both within certain communities. A police system based on consensus and working in and with the community seems the better option for the community as a whole. This method allows the community to be involved in the law enforcement process and encourages the community to be involved in its own safety by the informal policing of its on neighbourhood, collecting intelligence on suspected trouble makers to assist the police. Community policing allows the community to be a partner with the police in crime reduction and as such are more receptive to police initiatives. Zero tolerance should be used selectively in reducing certain types of deviant behaviour such as anti social behaviour and also for knife and carrying weapons, but its success is limited to selected areas. Its use should be limited to a short sharp approach and it should also be seen as a short term policy rather than overall police policy. It has been shown that a tactic of the targeting of repeat offenders and victims, a high level police visibility in some crime hot spots, and problem orientated strategies and police initiatives have worked. Zero tolerance style of policing can impact on human rights and liberties but it is popular with most members of the law abiding community and politicians as it demonstrates that the state is seen to be tough on crime. Of course whatever is the better option for the community depends on whether you look at the community as a whole or a particular section. If one block of flats is being terrorised by anti social behaviour and zero tolerant tactics are adopted to deal with it, it will not be considered beneficial to the whole community if the perpetrators are merely dispersed to a neighbouring block within the same community. What is best for the community can also be said to be the eradication of crime in the first place, so that the causes are addressed (community policing) rather than the symptons (zero tolerance). It would appear that there is a place for a zero tolerance approach within community policing itself particularly if the community is kept informed of the police approach so that it is included in adopting the policy. So although it may be seen to some members of the community as the better style of policing overall it is better to have the community policing system which is a softly softly approach to law enforcement underpinning the relationship between the police and the community.

Poems About The Stars of Frost and Keats Essay -- American Literature

Poems About The Stars of Frost and Keats "Bright Star" by John Keats and "Choose Something Like a Star" by Robert Frost both present to the reader a desire to be like the "steadfast" star. Both poets gaze for this same quality in the stars, but thematically and stylistically each poem has its similarities and differences. The themes evident in "Bright Star" and "Choose Something Like a Star" are similar, but do have subtle differences. A theme shared between the two is man's wish for eternalness. The first fifteen lines of "Choose Something Like a Star" ask for the secret of "steadfastness," and the first line of "Bright Star" says, "would I were steadfast as thou art." The speaker of each poem wants to be able to identify with the star and its quality of persistence. This same theme the two poems share also has faint differences. The speaker of "Choose Something Like a Star" does not wish to be "steadfast" like the star, but wants to obtain the secret of permanence. The speaker says, "Tell us what elements you blend." The poem "Bright Star" differs in that the ...

Fly in the ointment Essay

A younger man visits his bankrupt father, who is depressed following the collapse of his business. The son is a disappointment to the father due to his choice of career. The father seems strong until, during their conversation, a fly enters the room, with the father overreacting in an attempt to get rid of this simple fly. This overreaction is perceived as weakness by the son, and driven by pity, he offers his father some money. Immediately the passion and vigor returns to his father, and the shrewd, cunning businessman reemerges and brutally demands to know why he had not been offered this money sooner. What does the title mean? Firstly we should take a look at the title since it could provide some insight into why certain aspects of this story are present. ‘A fly in the ointment’ is a proverb or saying that basically means that something spoils a situation that could have been pleasant. This is shown in the short story literally by a fly which enters the room and causes such an overreaction by the old man that foreshadows text that shows that everything is not as they seem; things are not alright. Why the father is such a memorable character: The young man, the son, is shown in the first paragraph to rather walk a distance than show up in a cab in front of his father since he thinks ‘The old man will wonder where I got the money’. This quote is the first sign that shows the reader that the old man is concerned with money. The author uses two statements to show the demise of the business, firstly ‘†¦ building a business out of nothing, and then, after a few years of prosperity, letting it go to pieces in chafer of rumour, idleness, quarrels, accusations and, at last, bankruptcy. ‘ The sons questions whether ‘they were telling the truth when they said the old man was a crook and that his balance sheets were cooked? ‘ and then secondly, later in the story the narrator shows the son’s thoughts when he thinks the father will tell him the embarrassing truth which he already knows about, that of ‘the people you’ve swindled’. These show the father in a bad light, a cheating businessman that fixed his sheets for acknowledgement and was concerned with money and the class of men it put him with. The father’s concern with social status is shown when he the author states ‘A small man himself, he was proud to be bankrupt with the big ones; it made him feel rich. ‘ This also foreshadows that despite the old man’s statements about having no need for money, he is still truly concerned about it, since he has a desire to feel rich. The use of foreshadowing and its role together with humor and irony There are many instances of foreshadowing, a few that have been mentioned above. One that is apparent is the use of ‘his father had two faces.  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ which shows the contrasting emotions the old man can show and his ability, like a businessman to show the face that will suite his end needs. This piece of foreshadowing should show the reader the truth behind the father but instead the reader is made to believe the old man, that he no longer has need of money. In the old man’s speech to his son on the irrelevance for money he states, ‘If you came in now and offered me a thousand pounds I should laugh at you. ‘ this shows the reader that the father has outgrown his cruel, greedy ways. The irony emerges when the son does in fact merely mention raising cash when the father, instead of refusing it, brutally demands why it had not been forthcoming. This complete ‘change of face’ (intended pun) is ironic since it goes against what the reader expects. It is almost humorous in the emergence that the father has not changed, and the reader will see the amusing side behind the fly. An actual fly foreshadows the proverb, that pleasantry will be spoiled, by the fathers demands of cash after his apparent no longer need for fiscal bounds.